The ISBN Users’ Manual provides full details and includes a section on the scope and principles of assignment of ISBNs.
Before ISBN adopted 13-digit ISBNs, the former 10-digit numbers were encoded in an EAN-13 barcode as follows:
- Remove the last digit of the ISBN which is this number’s check digit.
- Precede the nine ISBN digits with the GS1 prefix reserved for this application: '978'
- Recalculate the check digit based on the Check Digit Algorithm
For example: ISBN number 0471384291 represented as a GTIN-13:
GS1 Prefix 9 7 8
10-digit ISBN (without ISBN check digit) 0 4 7 1 3 8 4 2 9
Check Digit 8
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